Could you describe how is memory management done in .NET?
Experience Level: Senior
Tags: .NET.NET CoreASP.NET MVCASP.NET WebAPIASP.NET WebFormsC#
Answer
General overview
The garbage collector allocates and frees virtual memory for you on the managed heap.
Key ideas
- CLR - Automatic memory management
- Managed memory
- Memory allocation
- Releasing memory
- Cleaning up unmanaged resources
- Garbage collector (GC)
- Managed heap
- Large Object Heap - 85000 bytes+
- Generations 0,1,2
- IDisposable/Dispose pattern
Secret weapons
- Value types are not always stored on stack.
- Allocation on a stack is only "the stack pointer" modification.
- Stack is just an implementation detail (think about other implementation of CLI=Common Language Infrastructure)
Memory concepts
- Each process has its own, separate virtual address space.
- By default, on 32-bit computers, each process has a 2-GB user-mode virtual address space.
Virtual memory
- Free/Reserved/Committed
- Virtual address space can get fragmented. This means that there are free blocks, also known as holes, in the address space.
- You can run out of memory if you run out of virtual address space to reserve or physical space to commit.
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